[An article for budding artists who are taking the plunge to exhibit their work, though art buyers might also be interested in what goes on behind-the-scenes of an exhibition]

So you've taken the plunge and agreed to do an exhibition - congratulations! One of the first major decisions is framing. If you've not done it before, it can be quite intimidating. Hopefully this blog will take some of the uncertainty out of it, or at least will help you know which questions to ask.

My key take home message? It is important to see the frame not merely as a vehicle for the print but as an extension of the art itself. 

Exhibition framing is a big decision, a big expense but it is also an investment. It pays to take a long view and not worry too much about recouping your costs in just one exhibition. Instead, look for and line up future opportunities to use your frames, including galleries, personal customers, and group exhibitions and competitions.

Why frame? For exhibitions its usually essential if you're printing on paper (I'm mainly considering photo-artists here who deal with prints). You can hang paper prints but they risk damage. Galleries and stores usually like a couple of framed pieces even if you're mainly selling prints. Some customers are happy to frame their own prints, but many more find the thought of choosing a frame inconvenient and even formidable, especially if they can't visualize the results. Many would very much like the artist's choice (and this might come as a surprise) because they feel confident that we know what we're doing and that we have an artistic vision for the piece. If nothing else, having something tangible in front of their eyes helps them visualize what it will look like in their home. 

To give you some idea what experiences have led to my opinions about framing, over the past couple of years I've participated in and organized a number of solo and group exhibitions and have put framed pieces into galleries. I was lucky enough to win a weekend course with The Learning Connexion and chose their framing course. I was also fortunate to have an exhibition at Edges Art + Framing and spent a couple of days getting a behind-the-scenes look into what's involved with framing and time to consider the choices. From these experiences, I created the Tiny Art project where I mount tiny versions of my prints in tiny frames that Edges make, which has allowed me to experiment with many types of frames and framing techniques. In exhibitions, I've used stretched canvas, simple black frames and white mats that were professionally made, simple black frames and white mats that were purchased online, slim rustic wooden frames and glass, TinyArt pieces that covered a wide range of frame styles, and now large rustic frames or ornate Italian-style frames both with anti-reflective glass. For pieces going into galleries, on occasion I've pulled out all the stops with ornate frames and internal champagne gold filets with anti-reflective glass - expensive but they look stunning and are hard to resist! So over time I've gathered many hints and tricks.

Consistent print sizes
Have consistent sizes and aspect ratios for your prints so you can reuse frames with new prints and so your framer can make the same frame in bulk.

Making your own
Unless you have access to all the gear and the space, and unless you enjoy it, making your own frames is not cost effective, especially once you add in your time. Most of the cost of framing is in the materials rather than the labour. But you might be able to make some savings if you do your own mounting. Mounting does not need nearly as much specialist equipment. You may or may not want to cut your own mats. Cutting your own is doable but it's much harder to get a professional finish. A framer will have a precision cutter, and mats don't cost much to cut.

The most useful skill is learning how to hinge a print to a mat so you can reframe with a new print without having to return to the framers. All you need is hinging tape, a bone folder to emboss the tape down, paper framing tape to reseal the back of the picture, and a utility knife or scissors. I also find an air blower and a brand new microfibre cloth useful to remove dust.

Buying ready-made or discount frames
You can buy ready-made frames online, and although they can be quite cheap, they are quite expensive for the quality of the materials used. They tend to feel flimsy and chip easily. If you go this route, you will need to learn how to mount the prints, but there are lots of examples on the internet. Many artists and photographers use the cheapest frames they can find from discount stores. Although sometimes a necessity due to time constraints and budget, they do not do your art justice and may also damage the print over time because they are not likely made with acid-free archival materials.

Vintage and recycled frames
Repurposing vintage frames is another option - check out second hand and charity stores, estate sales, garage sales, and the like. They usually need refinishing, it's unlikely you'll get matching frames, and the quality may not be apparent. I've had some success using metallic lustre wax on old frames to give them new life. You and everyone else are on the lookout for second-hand framing bargains so give yourself plenty of time to source them if you go this route.

Other cost considerations
To get more bang for your buck, consider trading off a cheaper frame for more expensive glass. Photo-art can look much better behind anti-glare glass as there are fewer distracting reflections. It also tends to look more painterly than photographic, if that's the style you're going for. It is more expensive, but I personally think it's worth it because the art looks better and is therefore more attractive to a prospective buyer. Although the framing is an extension of the art, you need to be able to SEE the art first and foremost.

​When you are pricing your framed artworks, be sure to account for the gallery commission so that you cover the cost of the frame even after the commission is taken out. A painful mistake made by many. If you have an artist's discount, that saving helps cover the commission.

Reusing frames
There are some things you can do to enable you to more easily reuse frames, thereby offsetting some of the risk. Unless you ask, your framer might use techniques that make it difficult to switch out the prints. Ask your framer to

• Use two sets of D-ring hangers.
  • One set of D-rings should be used to attach the string, rather than stapling the string to the frame. It is hard to remove the backing board and the print if you can't easily detach the string.
  • The other set of D-rings should be attached approximately 5cm from the top of the frame, facing up, so they can be used with gallery hanging-systems. The picture will hang flatter against the wall if the hanging points are near the top of the frame.
• Use "bendies". The back of the picture is fastened in using metal points, and points can be either rigid or bendable. Both can be removed, but "bendies" are designed for reuse - all you do is bend them back to remove the print then bend them back into place.
• If you are using a mat, use archival hinging tape to mount the print on the back of the mat rather than mounting the print using adhesive-backed foamboard. This enables you to easily remove the print and switch with another. It is also an archival method causing the least damage to the print. 
• If you're framing to the edge of the print, ask the framer to use a hidden mat or risers within the frame rebate to ensure the print doesn't touch the glass.
• Even if you plan on reusing the frames if a picture doesn't sell, always finish the back with paper framing-tape. You don't want a customer to have an unfinished frame that could be more easily exposed to insects, dust, and mould. Nor do you want this to happen if you're storing your frames for a while.
• If you're storing your frames, do use cardboard protectors on the corners as the corners can easily be chipped. Your framed pieces should be delivered with these protectors - keep hold of them. 

Pros and Cons of three common framing methods:
Frame with mat and white margin
A classic way to frame is to leave a margin of plain paper between the print and the mat. At the bottom goes your signature and edition number, and optionally the title and year.
Cons: matted prints are larger and use more frame mouldings and glass, so this makes them more expensive to frame. They can also look more "photographic" which might not be the effect you are looking for with your art.
Pros: you get to see some of the unadorned paper, which can often be quite beautiful if you've printed on fine-art paper. Matted prints are larger, which can be a benefit if you're looking for a bigger presence on the wall. It can also give the picture room to visually "breathe" within the frame.

Frame with mat and no margin
Similar to framing with a mat and margin, this method mats just over the edge of the print. The framer will need around a 3mm overlap between the mat and the print.  They can actually use a smaller tolerance but it's more fiddly and they will curse you. Instead of signing underneath the print, you sign on the print itself - make sure to leave enough tolerance so the signature is clear of the mat. (Note if you sell prints with your signature in the margin, some customers will still choose to mat to the edge of the print and over the signature! Because I usually print-on-demand, I ask my customers if they have a preference).
Cons: If your print has a strong edge effect, it might be noticeable that the mat is cutting out some of the picture.
Pros: your picture may suit not having a white margin, e.g., if it's dark and moody, so matting over the edge of the print may be aesthetically more pleasing. It may also make it appear more painterly.

Frame with hidden mat
I now frame a lot of my prints with the frame to the edge of the print (usually with a hidden black mat or riser), because it has a more painterly look. If you choose this style of framing, then you need to consider that due to the glass (which is about 2mm thick), when looking at an angle, you can see around 3mm past the edge of the print. If you have a dark print on white paper this is extremely noticeable. If I know I'm going to frame in this way, I make special prints with a "framing margin" where I extend the edge of the print with a reflected blur (similarly to how you'd do a gallery-wrap on a canvas print), a dark colour, or I create the picture in the first place with an extra 1cm or so of picture that the framer can use as tolerance. I also add crop marks to help the framer line things up.
Things to consider: you will need to sign on the print itself - make sure you give enough clearance so the framer doesn't overlap the frame and signature.

So what's going on here? We have a super-intelligent parrot - Polly to her friends, but Professor to her students - at home and trying to relax but the kids are testing out their camera skills. We've all been there...

There's something about the aesthetic of old family photographs that I perversely love - the retro wallpapers, the jaunty angles and lack of focus, the look of terror on the poor victims, the fashion faux pas - and of course the memories - they're a delight to relive.  And I found some wonderfully cringing examples in my old family photo archive to share so you can perhaps see where I'm coming from with lovely Polly.

Those all-knowing eyes! I was completely captivated by this lovely youngster - she's as bright as a button and so curious about the world. She became "Professor Polly", and she reminds me so much of a super-smart friend who became one of youngest female professors in NZ's history (who coincidentally has a daughter named Polly!).

I have long been fascinated with bird intelligence and cognition. Study after study are now showing that birds are incredibly intelligent - just this week there was news about tool-use seen in kea (the kākā's cousin) in the wild. Long gone are the days when scientists thought that tiny brains relative to body size meant tiny abilities. Birds have vastly more dense innervation allowing smarts to be packed in much more tightly than human brains. And parrots and corvids are some of the brightest. 

Researchers are quite taken by the kākā as a study subject. They're cousins of the kea, who are thought to be the most intelligent bird species in the world, but kākā are rating similarly on the IQ scales. It is fascinating watching them solve the tasks the researchers set them. The thought was that as social birds they would learn by watching their friends solve problems. From what I've seen, it appears more competitive than that with each wanting to show that they can solve puzzles their own way. It was quite incredible to see how many different techniques there are to solve the simple task of acquiring a cashew nut tied to the end of a string.

Not only are kākā super intelligent but they have complex emotional and social lives. We do of course have to be careful at over-anthropomorphizing, but I fear under-anthropomorphizing has had a negative effect not just on our understanding of animal cognition but also animal welfare. They might not think or feel identically to humans, but they think and feel and we shouldn't assume less.